摘要
免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)相关胰腺炎是ICIs罕见的消化道不良反应,目前发病机制尚不明确,推测可能与ICIs触发非特异性炎症T细胞介导的免疫反应有关;ICIs联合用药、黑色素瘤、65岁以下人群及既往有胰腺炎病史均是其危险因素。ICIs相关胰腺炎可表现为伴或不伴症状的胰酶升高,其诊断依赖于病史、实验室评估及影像学检查。ICIs相关胰腺炎可采用与经典急性胰腺炎相似的方式进行管理,其治疗主要包括液体复苏和疼痛控制,以及并发症防治。其中糖皮质激素是中、重度ICIs相关胰腺炎治疗的基石,传统免疫抑制剂及生物制剂的应用仍需进一步开发。
免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)可通过解除抑制的抗肿瘤免疫反应激活效应T细胞,达到清除癌细胞的目的,是目前癌症治疗领域最前沿的治疗手段之一。然而,T细胞过度活化可攻击正常组织,引起机体免疫耐受缺失,进而诱导炎症级联反应,产生不同程度的免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse event,irAE)。超过60%的患者在接受ICIs治疗期间会发生irAEs,而消化道是最常受累的器官之
迄今为止,国内外已经上市的ICIs共有16种,包括:(1)细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)抑制剂伊匹木单抗;(2)细胞程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)抑制剂,包括纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗、西米普利单抗、替雷利珠单抗、卡瑞利珠单抗、信迪利单抗、特瑞普利单抗、派安普利单抗及斯鲁利单抗;(3)细胞程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂,包括阿维鲁单抗、阿替利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗、恩沃利单抗及舒格利单抗;(4)PD-1/CTLA-4双抗抑制剂卡度尼利单抗。
药物名称 | 靶点 | 药物剂量 | 胰腺炎发生 | ≥3级胰腺炎发生 | 脂肪酶升高发生 | ≥3级脂肪酶升高发生 | 淀粉酶升高发生 | ≥3级淀粉酶升高发生 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
伊匹木单 | CTLA-4 |
3 mg·k | 4% | 0 | — | — | ||
纳武利尤单 | PD-1 |
3 mg·k | — | 4% | 0 | — | — | |
帕博利珠单 | PD-1 |
2 mg·k | 2% | 1% | — | — | — | — |
西米普利单 | PD-1 |
3 mg·k | <1.7% | <1.7% | — | — | — | — |
替雷利珠单 | PD-1 | 200 mg,每3周1次 | 2% | 2%% | — | — | — | — |
卡瑞利珠单 | PD-1 | 200 mg,每3周1次 | — | 9% | 4% | — | — | |
信迪利单 | PD-1 | 200 mg,每3周1次 | — | 4% | 1% | 2% | 1% | |
特瑞普利单 | PD-1 |
3 mg·k | — | — | — | 19.5% | 3.9% | |
阿维鲁单 | PD-L1 |
10 mg·k | — | 3% | 2% | 2% | 1% | |
阿替利珠单 | PD-L1 | 1 200 mg,每3周1次 | — | 11% | 5% | 20% | 2% | |
度伐利尤单 | PD-L1 | 750 mg,每2周1次 | — | 2% | 2% | — | ||
伊匹木单抗+纳武利尤单 | CTLA-4、PD-1 |
伊匹木单抗3 mg·k | — | 1.7% | — | 26.9% | — | 8.4% |
注:
Note:
一项纳入15项临床研究(n=9 099)的荟萃分析显示,与单独用药相比,CTLA-4抑制剂与PD-1抑制剂联合使用后脂肪酶升高的风险显著增加,而胰腺炎的发生率无明显变
目前,ICIs相关胰腺炎的确切发病机制尚未阐明。Yoneda
基于现有研究资料,ICIs相关胰腺炎的危险因素可能包括以下几点:(1)联合用药:多项研究均已报告ICIs联用会增加胰腺炎风
ICIs相关胰腺炎可影响胰腺的内分泌和外分泌功能,伴或不伴临床症状。约2/3的患者可表现为血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶升高,但并无明显的胰腺炎症状。目前无症状性升高的淀粉酶/脂肪酶水平与胰腺炎之间的关系尚不清楚。在一项纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗治疗黑色素瘤的临床试验结果显示,20%的患者出现≥3级淀粉酶升高,6.3%的患者出现≥3级脂肪酶升高,20%的患者两种酶水平均升高,仅1.7%出现ICIs相关胰腺
ICIs相关胰腺炎与经典急性胰腺炎之间具有相似
CTCAE 5.0
评价指标 | 0级 | 1级(轻度) | 2级(中度) | 3级(重度) |
---|---|---|---|---|
酶 | 低于正常上线的3倍 | 至少是正常上限的3倍 | 至少是正常上限的3倍 | 至少是正常上限的3倍 |
症状 | 无 | 上腹部疼痛,向后辐射;恶心,呕吐 | 上腹部疼痛,向后辐射;恶心,呕吐 | 上腹部疼痛,向后辐射;恶心,呕吐 |
CT检查 | 正常 | 间质性胰腺炎 | 胰腺和/或胰周坏死 | 胰腺和/或胰周坏死 |
器官衰竭 | 无 | 无 | 短暂器官衰竭(<48 h) | 持续性器官衰竭(>48 h) |
诊断标准 | 无胰腺炎 | 符合①②③中的两项及以上 | 符合①②③中的两项及以上,并且存在短暂器官衰竭 | 符合①②③中的两项及以上,并且存在持续性器官衰竭 |
ICIs相关胰腺炎的治疗主要包括积极液体复苏和疼痛控制,以及并发症防治。参照NCCN免疫治疗相关毒性管理指南中ICIs相关胰腺炎管理的推荐意
胰腺炎分级 | 临床特征 | 管理 |
---|---|---|
轻度(1级) | 无症状淀粉酶/脂肪酶升高>3×ULN或CT影像学结果或临床表现考虑胰腺炎 | 转诊胃肠病科,静脉水化,并考虑继续使用ICIs治疗 |
中度(2级) | 具有以下3个特征中的2个:淀粉酶/脂肪酶升高>3×ULN、CT影像学表现、临床表现考虑胰腺炎 |
停止ICIs治疗,并给予0.5~1 mg·(kg·d |
重度(3~4级) | 具有危及生命的胰腺炎特征(淀粉酶/脂肪酶升高>3×ULN或CT影像学表现)或血流动力学不稳定或需要紧急干预 |
永久停止ICIs治疗,并使用泼尼松/甲基泼尼松龙1~2 mg·(kg·d |
糖皮质激素是治疗中、重度ICIs相关胰腺炎的核心药物,应进行激素持续治疗直至临床症状缓解,随后在4~6周内逐渐减量;激素停药后,仍需监测胰腺炎复发情况。糖皮质激素应用期间务必警惕电解质紊乱、骨质疏松、感染等风险。此外,长时间使用糖皮质激素应密切关注其他罕见不良反应。已有报道称,糖皮质激素给药时间超过30天可继发局部并发症,如1例阿维鲁单抗相关重度胰腺炎患者在应用皮质类固醇治疗期间并发胰腺坏死、肠胰瘘及肝脓肿,后期需要局部引流处
ICIs正在成为肿瘤的标准治疗方法,随着其在肿瘤新辅助和辅助治疗中应用的增加及目标应用人群的扩大,其潜在的免疫相关长期毒性可能是幸存者生活质量的一个挑战。ICIs相关胰腺炎并不常见,但随着ICIs应用的增加,其发病率及危害性可能逐步上升,因此,及早识别和干预势在必行。由于血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶在急性胰腺炎的治疗过程中没有明确的临床价值,因此不建议在用药后对这些指标进行常规监测。ICIs相关胰腺炎的主要诊断依据仍是基于影像学鉴别诊断、病史收集和临床检查(如症状和实验室检查)。ICIs相关胰腺炎可采用与经典急性胰腺炎相似的方式进行管理,糖皮质激素是目前ICIs相关胰腺炎治疗的基石,同时予以静脉补液及镇痛辅助,大多数患者预后良好。对于激素治疗无效患者,生物制剂的临床研究提供了一种治疗思路,但仍需更多临床证据来支持。ICIs相关胰腺炎的优化管理需要肿瘤学、胃肠病学、内科学及影像学专家积极参与,患者自我监测和门诊随访也同样重要。
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